Project Manager
Suleymanova Gulnur Almasovna
Academic degree, title: PhD, associate professor
Scopus Author ID: 57194093612
Researcher ID: AAX-2453-2020
ORCID: 0000-0002-2322-6155
About the project
Relevance
According to FAO experts, Kazakhstan is a country that has extensive areas for growing leguminous crops. Leguminous crops – chickpeas, peas – are cultivated in Kazakhstan for grain and green mass. According to literature data, modern varieties of leguminous crops grow well both on fertile and poor soils with a pH from 5.0 to 7.5.
Leguminous culture is an excellent precursor for many crops in crop rotation, due to their ability to actively fix nitrogen. They form nitrogen fixation, nodule bacteria with the help of the root system, which enriches the soil with nitrogen. In addition, the root system of leguminous crops penetrates the subsurface layer and thereby prevents water erosion.
In Kazakhstan, peas are grown within 100 thousand hectares, chickpeas 20 thousand hectares, according to statistics, the average yield of peas is 15-20 kg / ha, chickpeas 08-15 kg / ha. Leguminous crops are mainly affected by diseases such as fusarium, septoria, ascochitosis.
An effective strategy to combat plant diseases requires a thorough knowledge of pathogens, including their biology, ecology and their variability. Since pea diseases significantly reduce yields and, consequently, incomes of farmers with limited resources, a deeper understanding of causal factors is needed. It has been reported that fungal plant pathogens cause significant losses in pea crops worldwide. Pea root rot can be caused by one or more common soil fungi or a combination of them. The most common fungal pathogens are: common root rot (Aphanomyces euteiches), root rot (Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani), fusarium wilt and pea root rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi and Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella). Other fungal diseases that may be associated with pea root rot include black root rot, white rot. Pea plants are also infected with pathogens of leaf fungal diseases, such as the Ascochyta pisi complex, alternaria leaf and stem spotting, powdery mildew and false powdery mildew. The relative importance of these diseases and their impact on yields vary by country.
Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) are an important and valuable leguminous crop worldwide, ranking third after beans and peas. It is a legume plant grown annually in 45 countries on 5 continents on the territory of 10.4 million hectares with a yield of 8.57 million tons. In India, chickpeas are known by various names such as Bengali gram, gram and chana, being the largest producer of chickpeas, accounting for 64% of world production. Chickpeas have a quantitative source of carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins, fiber and phytochemicals. For comparison, the protein quality of chickpeas is better than other legumes. Chickpeas also fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizers. Chickpea diseases such as: Botrytis gray rot, Ascochyta ascochyta disease, rust and Sclerotinia disease are caused by fungi Botrytis cinerea, Ascochyta rabiei, Uromyces ciceris-arietini and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, respectively. Among them, the most notable are the fungus Ascochyta and the gray rot Botrytis. Leaf disease has limited chickpea production in many countries, so comprehensive management measures or effective control strategies need to be put in place to prevent crop loss in legumes.
Goal
The study of cultivated and wild forms of leguminous crops, namely peas and chickpeas for resistance to various types of diseases, as well as the selection of varieties and numbers with the most highly productive, highly resistant and useful properties to obtain the starting material for breeding.
Expected and achieved results
Varieties of peas and chickpeas were formed in quantity (chickpeas - 117 varieties – 16 countries of the world, peas – 79 varieties – 12 countries of the world), the growth and development of plants in Kazakhstani varieties of peas were studied: Zhasylai, Aksary, Shal, Tabys, Barbel, Kokshe and 73 varieties of collectible material. Kazakh chickpea varieties have: Luch, Kamila, Icarda 1, Miras 07, Satti, Derkul and 108 varieties of collectible material. Cultured and wild forms of leguminous crops were selected for phytopathological monitoring. Phytopathological monitoring and immunological evaluation of 117 varieties and lines of chickpeas and 79 peas for fungal diseases were carried out to determine resistant genotypes. As a result of the structural analysis, samples of leguminous crops (chickpeas, peas, beans) were identified according to various indicators that will be offered for further breeding programs. Structural analysis of productivity elements in chickpea breeding material grown on a natural background has shown that a number of samples combine a set of productivity characteristics for different indicators. According to all chickpea samples on a natural background, the height of the plant varied from 68.8 to 75.8 cm, which is characterized primarily by an increase in the linear dimensions of the vegetative and generative parts of the stem. The height of plants includes: the number of nodes and internodes on the stem, the total size of all internodes, including the length of the panicle. In terms of plant height, the highest sample showed itself (Flip93-93c), its height was 75.8 cm, which shows the highest potential for high yield. And the sample (k2956 Obraztsov Chiflik 1) proved to be the smallest in terms of plant height, its height was 68.8 cm, which can be said about this sample that it is less productive. Isolated chickpea samples in plant height, their height was 74.2 – 75.8 (Miras, k118, Flip93-93c, Flip 05-90, Flip0767, k151, TR 53907 Resistant). And for all chickpea samples on an artificial background, the height of plants varied from 56.4 to 68.4 cm. In terms of plant height, the variety (Satti) showed itself to be the highest sample, its height was 68.4 cm, and the sample (K-3179) showed itself to be the smallest in terms of plant height, its height was 56.4 cm. It should be noted that in 2022 there was a shortened length of the growing season for all chickpea numbers than in 2021. In 2022, the length of the growing season ranged from 91 to 96 days. And on an infectious background for 2022, the growing season ranged from 79 to 94 days, which means that in 2022, on an infectious background, the samples showed precocious.
According to the structural analysis of chickpea samples on an infectious background, it can be seen that the samples were the most sustained, so the height of the attached lower beans varied from 19.2 to 33.4 cm, and the number of lateral branches varied from 1.3 to 10 pcs. The isolated samples were Flip10-206c, Flip97-24, Flip 07-39, Flip 06-111, Flip06-76, Flip97-126, TR6S731 Resistant, TR 44420 Resistant, K151, K-2436, K-2764 hyson, Malhotra, Krasnokutsky 123, K-3190, K-1285, K-3124, Line C-29, K-3500, TR498S2 Resistant, Flip14-46, Flip0767. According to the number of productive nodes, the samples Flip103c, Flip10-206c, Flip97-24, Flip88-85c, Flip 05-90, Flip00-25, Flip 07-39, Flip 06-111, Flip 02-70, Flip06-76, Flip 12-22, Flip97-126, Flip07-80, Flip 98-30, Flip99-95, Flip0767, Flip98-129, K151, Line C-303, K-3217, K-2764 Hyson, K-3227, K-1610, Jubilee, K-3500, K-3179, TR6S731 from Resistant 12.2 to 28 pcs. According to the number of beans from plants and the weight of seeds from the plot, the following samples were distinguished: Luch, Kamila, Malhotra, Satti, Miras, Nurly 80, Golden Jubilee, k 107, Vector, k118, k2814, k2801, Flip 88-18 C, k323, k546, k574, Flip10-206c, Flip97-147 by the number of beans from plants, their mass ranged from 1.4 to 3.7 grams, and by weight of seeds from the plot, their mass was 21 to 40 grams. The mass of 1000 seeds varied from 200 to 310 grams, where the smallest mass was in the sample (Akn 81 Resistant), its mass was 200 grams, and the largest mass was in the variety (Ray), its mass was 310 grams.
According to the structural analysis of pea samples on natural and infectious, it can be seen that the samples were very different, so the height of the plant on a natural background was 52.6 to 98.2 cm, and on an artificial background the height varied from 56.2 to 74.4 cm. the height of the attached lower beans on a natural background varied from 18.2 to 27.4 cm, and on an artificial background, the height of the glued lower beans varied from 19.2 to 31.4 cm, where the lowest height was the sample (k-5283) and the highest was the sample (k-8407). On a natural background, the number of lateral branches varied from 3 to 10.8 cm; on an artificial background , the number of lateral branches varied from 5.4 to 12.0 pcs . The selected samples were k-5292, k-8736, k-8856 Golden Eagle, K-9351 Friendly, Pearl, k-8234, k-8486, k-4422, k-4429, k-3037, k-4262, k-4848, k-7611, Motto, Klattauer Grune, Alexandrite, Friplex, Renaissance. According to the number of productive nodes, samples of Shal, Aksaysky 55, Annushka, k-220, k-8407, k-92-1352, Zhalvyai, Motto, Chishminsky 219, k-5721 stood out against a natural background. Their number varied from 7.2 to 13.2 pcs. and against an artificial background, the samples k-8714, k-9450, Shamrock, k-8407, k-9031 stood out, their number reached up to 22.2 pcs. According to the number of beans from plants and the mass of seeds from the plot on a natural background, the following samples stood out: Shal, k-8289, k-4844, k-4847, k-220, Candied fruit, Chishminsky 219, Line Eagle- 308, Zhalvyai, Motto, 92-1352, Klattauer Grune, L-22090, Revival by quantity beans from the plant ranged from 7.2 to 13.2 grams, and according to the weight of seeds from the plot, their mass was 21 to 43 grams, the following samples were identified: k-9485, Chishminsky 219, Line Eagle- 308, 27.01., Zhalvyai, Motto, 92-1352, Gulliver, A-567, Klattauer Grune, Vozrozhdenie. And according to the artificial background, the number of beans from the plant stood out the following samples k-8407, k-8518, k-8714, k-9450, Shamrock, Line Eagle- 308, Motto, Friplex, 28/01, Revival, Creamette.